Aim and Background: Depression is a condition that is associated with severe suffering and major damage to the patient's general health, quality of life, and social and occupational activities, which in some cases may lead to suicide. Depression is one of the causes of disability in the world, which has brought a lot of care and economic burden. Since the burden of care and the economic burden of depression have been reported significantly, it is necessary to consider new ways to understand the heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes in depression. Therefore, this article presents a report to review neuropsychological immunological studies in depression. Methods and Materials: Considering the extent of scientific research in this field, only English and Farsi articles with a neuropsychological immunological approach have been used in the time range between 2015 and 2024 and in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The keywords used were Neuroinflammation, Inflammation, Depression, and psychoneuroimmunology. Findings: By reviewing the research literature in the field of neuropsychological immunology of depression, this article examined the interaction of stress and the immune system in three levels: 1. Inflammation and depression, 2. Immunological pathways in depression, and 3. The interaction of psychoactive interventions and inflammation in depression. Conclusions: Neuro-psychological immunological studies of depression or the study of the interrelationship between the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems widely resolve the scientific and research gap regarding the relationship between depression and the immune system. Due to the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the treatment of chronic diseases, psychosocial interventions may be a suitable strategy to reduce the burden of disease and improve human health.

The current research was conducted with the Meta-analysis method and aimed at combining the researches in the field of cognitive and meta-cognitive educational and therapeutic interventions on anxiety, therefore, the Hedges g effect size index was used as a standard scale in this research. The statistical population was the available research related to cognitive and metacognitive interventions on anxiety, which were available between the years 2001 and 2021 in the computer databases accessible Based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria of primary studies, 67 effect sizes from 63 primary studies were analyzed by CMA software. The size of the total combined effect was evaluated according to the large Cohen's criterion, which indicates the positive effect of various interventions on anxiety. In examining the role of moderating variables, the results showed the optimal effectiveness of therapeutic and educational interventions on types of anxiety, and no significant difference was observed between the two sexes in the effectiveness of the interventions. Finally, we can say that cognitive and meta-cognitive therapeutic-educational interventions are one of the most effective types of interventions in improving all types of anxiety.

Context: Coping strategies can predict breast cancer patients’ emotional well-being. Objectives: The aim of this systematic scoping review was to investigate the effect of coping strategies-oriented interventions on coping skills in breast cancer women. Data Sources: A systematic scoping review was conducted using a broad search across PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Elsevier, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Web of Science, Magiran, Scientific Information Database, and Google scholar from 2009-2018. Study Selection: Clinical or quasi-experimental trials using interventions and control groups on the coping strategies-oriented interventions in breast cancer women in English or Persian were included. Data Extraction: Two independent researchers selected the final papers. In the case of a disagreement, the third researcher made the final decision. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Jadad scale. Results: The coping strategies-oriented interventions were classified into four main categories: psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, coping therapy, self-management, and psychoeducation; spiritual-religious interventions; social interventions, such as family therapy; and complementary interventions, such as acupuncture. Most interventions improved the coping skills of the studied women. Based on the Jadad scale, only two studies had good quality. Conclusions: Considering that most interventions improved the coping skills of breast cancer women, it is suggested that healthcare providers be proficient in examination techniques that maximize the patient’ s coping skills. However, there remains a need for further culture-based research to adopt the best interventions and make changes in policy.

Background: Surgical intervention is sometimes indicated in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and mycobacterial infections other than tuberculosis (MOTT). These interventions usually follow one of the following objectives: diagnosis of the TB-, treatment of the cases with resistance to medical therapy and treatment of the complications including hemoptysis, bronchopleural fistula, empyema, trapped lung, etc. Patients and methods: during last 2 years (December 1997 to December 1999) 72 patients with TB or MOTT underwent surgery for treatment and /or diagnosis of tuberculosis. There were 26 females and 46 males. Mean age was 40 years ranging from 8 to 78 years, data were extracted from hospital files and a computerized questionnaire designed in our department for patients with TB or MOTT. Procedures: In 72 patients, 93 procedures were undertaken. The main objective for surgical intervention was diagnosis in 34 patients, treatment in 31 and both in 7. Major operations to be mentioned were: 4 pneumoectomy, 13 lobectomy, 5 laparotomy and 2 decortications. Also in 4 patients muscle flaps were used to fill residual spaces. Results: Two deaths occurred, in patients with therapeutic surgical interventions. Other complications including one bronchopleural fistula, one empyema and one enterocutaneous fistula were treated successfully. Mean follow up was 3 months ranging from 1 to 24 months. Conclusion: Surgical intervention has its important role in the treatment of TB and MOTT and can be done with good results and low mortality and minimal morbidity in patients who are appropriately selected for surgical treatment.